Evolution From Conventional Multicenter Study to Novel Decentered Crowdfunded Study.

Decentered Crowdfunding Study

Animal embryo-stem cell reeding system in a dish

A schematic of ESC derivation and in vitro induced gametogenesis. a In vitro induction of functional gametes from ESCs. EpiLCs and PGCLCs are sequentially induced using well-established female or male ESCs. Next, via aggregation with fetal or neonatal gonadal somatic cells under in vitro conditions, in vitro–derived PGCLCs are successfully converted into primary spermatocytes/oocytes respectively, which are further induced into functional haploid sperm and oocytes. 

Reinforcement on duodenal stump using laparoscopic single purse-string suture

(A) Place a seromuscular purse-string suture on the duodenum wall 1.0–1.5 cm away from the duodenal stump using 3–0 single-strand absorbable suture; (B) Place a knot before tightening the purse-string suture.